The etiology and pathogenesis of tendinopathy remain open to discussion, and its treatment is rather difficult. Recent studies of the inner structures of tendons with help of the technique of microdialysis revealed absence of any signs of the so-called chemical inflammation (the level of prostaglandin 2 was within its normal values) in case of tendinopathy. Studies with help of supersonic diagnostics, colour Doppler and immunohistochemical analysis of biopsy material revealed an increased number of vessels and nerves with substance P and CGRP, a calcitonin gene-bound peptide, in affected tendons versus intact ones. This fact indicates a possibility of the so-called neurogenic inflammation. The area of vascularization in a tendon (with new vessels and nerves), which is detected in case of tendinopathy with help of ultrasonography, is most likely to be the source of pain, and the techniques, both conservative and surgical, which are aimed at destruction of this area, are rather effective.

In order to study some pathogenetic factors of different variants of spondylolisthesis, the authors analysed transformation parameters of lumbar vertebral bodies and sacrum, vertebral pedicles, arches and articular processes. The parameters of vertebral segment remodelling in patients with dysplastic and degenerative variants of spondylolisthesis principally differed and could serve as a differential criterion for identifying dysplastic and degenerative types of spondylolisthesis. The revealed differences explain distinctive features in the mechanisms of displacement in patients with degenerative spondylolytic and lysis-free spondylolisthesis.

The article contains results of surgical treatment of patients with malignant tumours of long bones of their lower extremities by the method of module endoprosthesis replacement. Advantages of this technique for replacing osteoarticular defects after resection are shown.

On the basis of integrated studies, systematization and generalization of the clinical material, presented in observations of 176 patients, the authors developed and introduced new ways of osteoplastic measures in amputations and reamputations of the shin. The suggested techniques of osteoplasty with bone stump overlapping, closure of the medullary canal and synostosing of the lower leg bones make it possible to preserve the physiological level of intraosseous pressure, prevent development of pain syndrome and formation of osteophytes, form a bone cortex fixing plate within short terms, increase critical loads on the amputated stumps, as well as resistance and weight-bearing capacity in the “stump-prosthesis” system.

The article deals with results of remote surgical treatment of 57 adult patients with idiopathic scoliosis. All the patients underwent corrective and stabilizing surgical interventions with help of polysegmental fabricated metals on the base of screws and hooks. The analysis of the obtained results revealed that the main problems of adult patients with scoliotic deformities consisted in their pain syndrome and neurologic disturbances; the available polysegmental metals made it possible to achieve from 38% to 52% of the deformity correction in the frontal plane and preserve the sagittal contour of the vertebral column and the vertebropelvic balance both after the operation and during a remote postoperative period. Determination of intervertebral disk angles LIV-LV, as well as those of LIV-SI and LV-SI in the frontal and sagittal planes are significant radiological criteria for revealing the influence of the above metals on indices of the frontal and sagittal balance and prognosis of irregular loading of an intervertebral disk below the area of spondylodesis.

Problems of making prostheses for patients with amputation defects on the level of exarticulation in the radiocarpal joint, as well as designs of the above prostheses and their elements are analysed.

The article contains results, which were made public by Prof. M.K. Hochberg at the annual OARSI World Congress on October 23, 2010, by his kind permission. Results of randomized clinical researches are analysed, and these confirm efficacy of glucosamine sulphate, manufactured by Rottapharm, for treating knee joint osteoarthritis at the level of 73 %. Prospects for studying the effect, produced by structurally modified drugs in patients with osteoarthritis, are shown.

Results of treatment of 85 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, who underwent 118 operations of total hip joint arthroplasty, were retrospectively analysed. On the basis of a clinical-radiological investigation and questioning of patients, results of supersonic osteodensitometry, radiodensitometry, cultural-immunological studies of osteogenic activity of stromal stem cells of bone marrow in different areas of the hip joint plus a statistical processing of the obtained data, a technique was developed for point assessment of the state of the pelvic bone tissue in the acetabular region and of the femur in the intertrochanteric region.

The purpose of the present research was to improve results of treatment in patients with deforming arthrosis of the knee joint by means of Alflutop application. The analysis of the results which was carried out proved a high efficacy of this preparation for treating degenerative and dystrophic lesions of joints and showed an objective necessity of its wide application to practice.

Results of a five-year observation of 35 children with marked functional disorders showed efficacy of using reciprocal orthoses for restoration of the vertical posture and movement. Employment of a three-stage verticalization system with help of RGO made it possible to restore the biomechanically correct axis of extremities, as well as provide sufficient weight-bearing capacity and stability of the vertical posture. Mastering of skills of movement with RGO promoted formation of righting postural reflexes and development of the locomotion stereotype, thereby increasing independence of the patients’ movement.

Results of mathematical modelling of osteosynthesis in metaphyseal fractures of the humerus with bone plates and intramedullary rods, made of a carbon material, are described. The combined use of a bone plate and intramedullary rods made it possible to increase rigidity of the whole system, thereby resulting in reduction of strains in the humeral spongy component and decreased values of movements of fragments under loading.

Radiological development in the formation of distraction regenerate in the process of intraosseal distraction osteosynthesis was analysed and optimum distraction modes with driving devices were recommended.

The article describes data about giving aid to 38 patients with affections of distal bone metaepiphyses of the forearm, who were sent to hospital for surgical treatment following unsuccessful attempts of closed repositions of fragments at the outpatient stage. Causes of negative results are analysed. By means of suggested tactical and radiological approaches, 23 of 38 patients managed to avoid surgical treatment.